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GLOSSARY
Allele:
An alternate form of a gene. A single allele for each gene or
“locus” is inherited separately from each parent. These alleles
may be the same or may be different from one another.
Genotype:
The genetic makeup of an individual. Genotyping means using
laboratory methods to determine the sequence of DNA from an
individual, usually at one or more specific loci or genes.
Haplotype:
A set of closely linked alleles (DNA polymorphisms) inherited as a
unit. A haplotype is a
way of denoting the collective genotype of a number of closely
linked loci on a chromosome.
Homozygous: Having two
identical alleles of a particular gene (eg GG, or TT).
Heterozygous: Having different alleles of a particular gene (eg GC, or TA).
Marker-assisted management (MAM)
is the process of using the results of DNA testing to assist in
the management of cattle e.g. sorting cattle for
implant strategies,
nutrition and health management
Marker-assisted selection
(MAS) is the process
of using the results of DNA testing to assist in the selection of
individuals to become parents in the next generation.
“p” value:
the probability that at least as much statistical evidence would
have been observed in an independent sample in which there was no
real effect. This is the primary measure of statistical
significance. Lower numbers are better. Traditionally a p value
less than 0.05 is considered “statistically significant”.
SNP: single nucleotide
polymorphisms (pronounced “snip”). Genetic variants often differ
from each other by the sequence of a single base pair. SNPs are
commonly the basis of genotyping tests. Genetic tests based on
SNPs analyze DNA derived from an individual to determine their
genotype at one specific location (nucleotide pair) in the midst
of the approximately 3 billion nucleotide pairs that make up the
genome.
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